When may you drive to the hospital on Shabbat?

The principle

The Talmud derives from “you shall live by them” (Leviticus 18:5) that the commandments are meant for life, not death. Pikuach nefesh – saving a life – overrides Shabbat, even when it is only doubtful that there is danger, and even if it is doubtful that the act will help. The Shulchan Aruch adds that one who acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one who stops to ask is “shedding blood”.

Who counts as in danger

Anyone with symptoms that a doctor would consider potentially serious: chest pain, stroke signs, a significant allergic reaction, severe bleeding, a fall with suspected head injury, a baby with a high fever, or a woman in labour. A woman in labour is treated as in danger, and may be driven to the hospital, with someone accompanying her.

Practical guidance

Do what is needed directly. Where it costs no time, some authorities suggest doing things slightly differently from a weekday (for instance not turning off the engine afterwards). Returning home after the emergency is a separate question – ask your rabbi in advance.

When a situation is not dangerous (a minor illness), there are rules for non-urgent care; ask a rabbi.

Preparing in advance

Expectant parents and families with medical needs should prepare before Shabbat: a packed bag, a phone charged and kept accessible, the taxi or ambulance number at hand, and a plan for who will look after other children. Preparation does not mean hesitation – when the moment comes, one acts.